Prof Colin Steele

The University of Manchester         The School of Mathematics         Mathematics Service Teaching

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Undergraduate Projects

The Circular Restricted 3-body problem in the Solar System : Asteroid Dynamics

The majority of minor planets (asteroids) have orbits intermediate in size between those of Mars and Jupiter. However, there is a family of minor planets that share orbits with the planet Jupiter but orbit around sixty degrees in front of or behind the planet i.e. at the Lagrangian L-4 and L-5 points. These minor planets are named mainly after the characters in the mythical war between the Greeks and the Trojans. This project will study these Trojan asteroids as follows

1) A descriptive account of these minor planets e.g. their discovery, orbital characteristics etc.

2) A study of the Lagrangian points including a mathematical derivation of the location and stability of equilibria.

3) Some further work e.g. a) A computer simulation of the orbit of a sample Trojan asteroid. This will require the numerical solution of a system of two coupled second order Ordinary Differential Equations. b) A study of elliptic orbits in a rotating frame c) Modelling of the orbit of a specific asteroid in terms of its orbital elements.

References

1) "Exploration of the universe" G Abell, (useful for descriptive part and for basic explanation of laws of gravity)

2) "An introduction to Celestial Mechanics" Forest Ray Moulton

3) Numerical Recipes . W Press et al

This project can be taken in year 3 or year 4 as either a single-semester or full-year project. There are no specific pre-requisites for this project. Formerly titled "Jupiter and the Trojan Wars". Some videos supporting this project

The Mathematics of Sundials

With the advent of modern time-keeping, the sundial has become a historical curiosity rather than a routine clock but its fascination value has increased. The design of a sundial is highly mathematical and involves a means of turning the position of the Sun in the sky to the drawing of lines to represent different hours of the day. Of course, the Sundial could be at horizontal or vertical or at any angle between and could be facing various directions other than south. This project will be divided into several parts.

1) A more descriptive part on the types of Sundials

2) Studying and reporting on the means of designing sundials so that the lines do indeed correspond to the different hours of the day. This will involve a lot of work with trigonometry, matrices and projections.

3) Deriving the curve for the �equation of time� i.e. the difference between �sundial-time� and �clock-time� and, if time permits, seeing the effect on this quantity of changes in the Earth�s orbit.

References

�Sundials � their theory and construction� AE Waugh, Dover

M Muller �The equation of time�

This project can be taken in year 3 or year 4 as either a single-semester or full-year project. There are no specific pre-requisites for this project. Some videos supporting this project

Randomised-Coefficients for Computerised Assessment

Among the advantages of computerised assessment is the ability to produce many variants of the same question stem so that students can enjoy repeated practice or so that different students can have different questions. Such variation is can be achieved by means of a parameter. For example, t (x + 4) can produce many different expansions each corresponding to a different value of t.

For some question stems, variants can be put together easily with all variants being of roughly the same degree of difficulty. In other cases, different variants can be different qualitatively. A question asking the user to solve the quadratic equation a x^2 + b x + c = 0 for parameters a, b and c will give different numbers of real roots depending on the parameters. Instead, the equation x^2 - (m + n) x + mn = 0 where parameters m+n and mn depend on more basic parameters m and n will always produce two real roots.

Intelligent algorithms involving parameters can increase the power of computerised assessment.

This project will explore algorithms for computerised assessment starting off with some simple cases and building up to more complicated scenarios e.g. multiple stationary values for a function of two variables. An understanding of mathematics through the core courses is a requirement for this project but the project can be carried out by students specialising in any area of mathematics. While no coding of algorithms is expected, it is anticipated that students will be able to use notation to record the algorithms used.

References

Computerised Assessment of Mathematics by C Sangwin, Oxford

STACK

Some videos supporting this project

This project can currently be taken as a single-semester project in year 3

Foundation Projects

Kepler's Laws

This project aims to investigate the three Laws of motion for planets around the Sun.

Orthogonal Polynomials

This project aims to investigate certain sets of polynomials which have the property that integrating certain products gives a result of zero. Bringing Mathematics to Everyone