Sorry, the Cybergeography Research web pages are no longer being updated. The project ran from 1997- 2004, but my research has moved away into other areas (see my blog for latest). If you have any questions or comments, please email me at: m.dodge (at) manchester.ac.uk.  Cheers, Martin Dodge, February 2007.

What's New on the Geography of Cyberspace Directory

Previous "What's New" on The Geography of Cyberspace Directory page?

9th August 2001:

• IP2Geo research by Venkata N. Padmanabhan, at Microsoft Research. For details see the research paper, "An Investigation of Geographic Mapping Techniques for Internet Hosts", by V.N. Padmanabhan & L. Subramanian. Proceedings of ACM SIGCOMM 2001, San Diego, USA, August 2001.



• Ding, J., Gravano, L., & Shivakumar, N., 2000, "Computing Geographical Scopes of Web Resources". Proceedings of the 26th Very-Large Database (VLDB) Conference, Cairo, Egypt.
  
  
• Geo-IP, a Perl module for mapping IP addresses to countries. Developed by T.J. Mather.
  
  
• Fabrikant, S.I., 2000, "Spatialized Browsing in Large Data Archives", Transactions in GIS, Vol. 4, No. 1, pages 65-78.
  
  
• Fabrikant, S.I. & Buttenfield, B.P., 2001, "Formalizing Semantic Spaces for Information Access", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 91, No. 2, pages 263-280.
  
  
• The Africa Internet - Status Report, by Mike Jensen, May 2001.
  
  
• Ein-Dor P., Goodman S.E., & Wolcott P., 2000, "From Via Maris to Electronic Highway: The Internet In Canaan", Communications of the ACM, July 2000, Vol. 43, No. 7, pages 19-23.
  
  
• Minges M., 2001, "Internet Around the World", poster presented at the INET 2001 Conference, 5-8th June 2001, Stockholm, Sweden.
  
  
• Martin F., 2001, "Status of the Internet in Pacific Island Countries", paper presented at the INET 2001 Conference, 5-8th June 2001, Stockholm, Sweden.
  
  
• Barabási, A-L., 2001, "The physics of the Web", PhysicsWorld, July 2001, Vol. 14, No. 7.



• The Google Zeitgeist provides some interesting summary stats on top queries at the Google search engine.
  
  
• Sheppard E., Couclelis H., Graham S., Harrington J.W. & Onsrud H., 2000, "Geographies of the information society", International Journal of Geographical Information Science, Vol. 13, No.8, pages 797-823. (Abstract only)
  
  
• Steineke, J.M., 2000, "The Web and the cities: Explaining spatial patterns of Internet accessibility and use in Norway", Rogaland Research, working paper RF-2000/116.
  
  
• Sternberg, R., 2001, "Internet Domains and the Innovativeness of Cities/Regions - Evidence from Germany and Munich". Paper presented at ESRC CITIES Competitiveness and Cohesion Programme Workshop, Oxford University, 28-30th March 2001.
  
  
• Wilson M.I., Corey K.E., Mickens C. & Mickens H.P., 2001, "Death of Distance/Rise of Place: The Impact of the Internet on Locality and Spatial Organization", paper presented at the INET 2001 Conference, 5-8th June 2001, Stockholm, Sweden.
  
  
• A list of relevant courses on themes of the geography of the information society is maintained by Mark Wilson and the IGU commission.

18th June 2001:

• "Mapping the Net: Revenge of the Physical World", by Kevin Werbach, Release 1.0, 29th May 2001, Vol. 19, No. 5, pages 1-20 (full article requires subscription). This useful article discusses many of the issues concerning the significance of grounding the Internet to real-world geography, including a review of the new IP geo-location service providers.
  
  
• Global Internet Map, a new wall poster by TeleGeography, June 2001.
  
  
• OECD Communications Outlook 2001, provides a valuable compendium of statistics on public telecommunication and network infrastructure and services in the OECD countries.
  
  
• Numbering cyberspace: Internet trends in 2000, by the International Telecommunications Union.
  
  
• Levene, M. & Poulovassilis, A., 2001, "Web Dynamics", Software Focus, February 2001. (pdf format)
  
  
• Murray M. & Claffy K.C., 2001, "Measuring the Immeasureable: Global Internet Measurement Infrastructure", paper presented at the Passive and Active Measurements (PAM) workshop, 23-24 April 2001, Amsterdam.
  
  
• Hargittai E. & Centeno M.A., 2001, Mapping Globalization, special theme issue of American Behavioral Scientist, June 2001, Vol. 44, No. 10.
  
  
• Course title: "The Geography of Cyberspace", spring 2001; Lecturer: Michael W. Longan; Institution: Gustavus Adophus College in St. Peter, Minnesota.

22nd April 2001:

• Caimis Geo's IPMapper.
  
  
• The Oregon Telecommunications Atlas, by Sam Churchill, provides a comprehensive review of the geography of all telecommunications infrastructure in the state. It was compiled at the end of 2000. The Atlas is "a preliminary survey of data compiled from a variety of trade publications and internet resources. This report has six parts, (1) a broad narrative overview of telecommunications and Oregon anecdotes, (2) Telecommunications facilities by city, (3) County inventory - mostly cell tower locations in lat/long, (4) Oregon maps of cell and fiber infrastructure, (5) Oregon Radio and Television broadcasters, (6) Reference links."
  
  
• Skupin, A. 2000, "From Metaphor to Method: Cartographic Perspectives on Information Visualization". In Roth, S.F., and Keim, D.A. (Eds.) Proceedings IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis 2000), 9-10th October 2000, Salt Lake City, Utah, pages 91-97. Los Alamitos: IEEE Computer Society.
  
  
• Inf@Vis magazine by Juan C. Dürsteler, Infovis.net.
  
  
• America's 50 Most Wired Cities and Towns, a report in Yahoo! Internet Life magazine, April 2001.
  
  
• Cheswick B., Burch H., & Branigan S., 2000, "Mapping and Visualizing the Internet", Usenix 2000 Conference, San Diego. (gzipped postscript format).
  
  
• Gorman S., 2001, "Where are the Web Factories? The Urban Bias of e-Business Location", paper presented at the Information and the Urban Future meeting, 26th February 2001, Taub Urban Research Center, New York University.
  
  
• Graham S., 1999, "Global grids of glass: On global cities, telecommunications, and planetary urban networks", Urban Studies, Vol. 36, No. 5, pages 929-949.
  
  
• Hülsmann, T., 2000, Geographien des Cyberspace, (Oldenburg: Bibliotheks- und Informationssystem, ISBN 3-8142-0756-4).
  
  
• Jiang B. & Ormeling F.J., 2000, Mapping Cyberspace: Visualising, Analysing and Exploring Virtual Worlds, The Cartographic Journal, December 2000, Vol. 37, No. 2, pages 117-122.
  
  
• Zook M.A., 2001, "Grounded Capital: Venture Capital's Role in the Clustering of Internet Firms in the U.S.", paper presented at the Information and the Urban Future meeting, 26th February 2001, Taub Urban Research Center, New York University.
  
  
• Course title: "Mapping Cyberspace", spring 2001; Lecturer: Mei-Po Kwan; Institution: Department of Geography, Ohio State University.
  
  
• Course title: "Geographies of the Information Society", spring 2001; Lecturer: Shannon Crum; Institution: Department of Geography, University of Texas at Austin.

23rd February 2000:

• Another IP address geo-location company called RealMapping.
  
  
• Kahn, P., 2001, Mapping Websites (Rotovision). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Claffy K.C., 2001, "CAIDA: Visualizing the Internet", Internet Computing Online, January 2001.
  
  
• Kotkin, J., 2000, The New Geography: How the Digital Revolution is Reshaping the American Landscape, (Random House). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Kwan M., 2001, "Cyberspatial cognition and individual access to information: the behavioral foundation of cybergeography", Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, January 2001, Vol. 28, No. 1, pages 21-37.
  

  Leinbach T.R. & Brunn S.D., 2001, The Worlds of Electronic Commerce: Economic, Geographical and Social Dimensions, (John Wiley and Sons). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  

• Townsend A., 2001, "The Internet and the rise of the new network cities, 1969 - 1999", Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, January 2001, Vol. 28, No. 1, pages 39-58.
  
  
• Warf B., 2001, "Segueways into cyberspace: multiple geographies of the digital divide", Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, January 2001, Vol. 28, No. 1, pages 3-19.
  
  
• Wilson, M.I., 2001, "Location, location, location: the geography of the dot com problem", Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, January 2001, Vol. 28, No. 1, pages 59-71.
  
  
• Course title: "Mapping Cyberspace", winter 2001; Lecturer: Sara Fabrikant; Institution: Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara.

22nd December 2000:

• The proposal to create a .geo top-level domain name being developed by SRI International. This could be potentially very useful for mapping the Internet as well as mapping any information on the Web. They argue .geo will "provides an open and scalable infrastructure to index, discover, and serve any information on the web based upon the latitude-longitude location of the data being referred to."
  
  
• A number of companies are developing so called geo-location services which allow Web users to be pin-pointed by their location. Some of the key players are:
  • Digital Island's TraceWare technology
  • Quova's GeoPoint service,
  • Digital Envoy's NetGeography,
  • NetGeo's Net2Geo technology,
  • CAIMIS's Geographic Location Services (GLS)
    
    
• A geographic directory of reverse traceroute servers and 'looking glass' servers across the world maintained by CAIDA.
  
  
• Map.Net is a visual directory that uses 2D information maps and 3D fly through cityscape to represent the Web. The underlying categorisation of the Web is provided by the Open Directory which is spatialised using Antarcti.ca's Visual Net technology.
  
  
• Spence R, 2000, Information Visualization (Addison-Wesley / ACM Press). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• IGU Commission on the Geography of Information Society.
  
  
• Interesting web sites for Internet monitoring, maintained by Les Cottrell.
  
  
• Hinner K., 2000, "Statistics of Major IRC Networks: Methods and Summary of User Count", M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture, Issue 4, August 2000.
  
  
• How Much Information? a useful report, from November 2000, looking at the world-wide production of information, including the Internet and the Web. The lead researchers were Peter Lyman and Hal R. Varian, School of Information Management and Systems at the University of California at Berkeley.
  
  
• Useful "facts and stats" on domain names from the Dot Com Directory.
  
  
• Hampton K.N. & Wellman B., 2000, "Examining Community in the Digital Neighbourhood: Early Results from Canada's Wired Suburb". In Toru Ishida and Katherine Isbister (Eds.), Digital Cities: Technologies, Experiences, and Future Perspectives. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 1765. Springer-Verlag. (PDF format)
  
  
• Toudert D., 2000, "El papel de la telemática en la reestructuración regional dentro de la nueva dinámica global local: Las enseñanzas del ejemplo mexicano", Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, October 2000.
  
  
• Wilson M.I. & Corey K.F., 2000, Information Tectonics: Space, Place and Technology in an Electronic Age, (John Wiley & Son). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]

7th September 2000:

• Moore, D. et al., 2000, "Where in the World is netgeo.caida.org?", paper presented at the INET 2000 Conference, 18-21th July 2000, Yokohama, Japan.
  
  
• A range of information visualization research at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, USA.

  Benford, S., Taylor, I., Brailsford, D., Koleva, B., Craven, M., Fraser, M., Reynard G. and Greenhalgh, C., 1999, "Three Dimensional Visualization of the World Wide Web", ACM Computing Surveys, December 1999.
  
  

• Information Visualisation Lecture Notes by Keith Andrews, Institute for Information Processing and Computer Supported New Media (IICM), Graz University of Technology, Austria.
  
  
• The Mosaic Group are undertaking the Global Diffusion of the Internet Project to measure and analyze the growth of the Internet throughout the world.
  
  
• Press, L., 2000, "The State of the Internet: Growth and Gaps", paper presented at the INET 2000 Conference, 18-21th July 2000, Yokohama, Japan.
  
  
• "The Deep Web: Surfacing Hidden Value", a useful white paper by BrightPlanet.com, July 2000, on the real size of the Web when you count hidden information resouces in database driven websites.
  
  
• Minges, M., 2000, "Counting the Net: Internet Access Indicators", paper presented at the INET 2000 Conference, 18-21th July 2000, Yokohama, Japan.
  
  
• Coffman, K.G. & Odlyzko, A.M., 2000, "Internet growth: Is there a "Moore's Law" for data traffic?", unpublished perliminary verion, July 2000, AT&T Labs.
  
  
• Huffaker, B., et al., 2000, "Measurements of the Internet Topology in the Asia-Pacific Region", paper presented at the INET 2000 Conference, 18-21th July 2000, Yokohama, Japan.
  
  
• Koppell J.G.S., 2000, "No 'There' There: Why cyberspace isn't anyplace", Atlantic Monthly, August 2000, Volume 286, No. 2, pages 16-18.
  
  
• Rohozinski, R., 1998, "Mapping Russian Cyberspace: Perspective on Democracy and the Net", paper Prepared for the UNRISD Conference on Information Technologies and Social Development, 22-24 June 1998, Geneva.
  
  
• Smith M.A, Farnham S.D., & Drucker S.M., 2000, "The Social Life of Small Graphical Chat Spaces", Proceedings of CHI 2000, 1-6th April 2000, The Hague, Netherlands, pages 462-469.
  
  
• TELECOM-CITIES Research Update, published monthly by Anthony Townsend and Rob Zand, Taub Urban Research Center, New York University.
  
  
• Course title: "Geography of Cyberspace", fall 2000; lecturer: Harvey J. Miller; Institution: Department of Geography, University of Utah.

17th July 2000:

• A Cybergeography project in Germany, by Inga Klas.
  
  
• A second version of the striking 'Whole Internet Map', showing the Internet as measured on the 1st of January 2000 has been released by Peacock Maps.
  
  
• The Hong Kong Cyber Map, by IDG Communications, provide a comprehensive source of detailed information on interconnections between Hong Kong and international ISPs.
  
  
• WebBrain visual browsing Web directory by TheBrain.com.
  
  
• Herman I., Melançon G. & Marshall M.S, 2000, "Graph Visualization and Navigation in Information Visualization: a Survey", IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, Vol. 6, No. 1, pages 24-43.
  
  
• Browser Bashers, by Daniel Lyons. Forbes Magazine, 15th May 2000.
  
  
• Information Visualization Resources by Gary Ng, University of Manchester.
  
  
• Africa.com: Continental Shift, Wired Magazine, July 2000, page 137-138.
  
  
• Internet Pulse by Keynote Systems.
  
  
• Zook, M., (2000), "Internet Metrics: Using Host and Domain Counts to Map the Internet", Telecommunications Policy, Volume 24, No. 6/7, July/August 2000.
  
  
• Foley P., 2000, "Whose Net? Characteristics of Internet users in the UK", report for the Policy Action Team 15 on ICTs and Social Exclusion, February 2000.
  
  
• The 'Bow Tie' map of the Web by researchers at IBM Research Almaden, Compaq Corporate Research Laboratories and AltaVista, May 2000. See their paper for full details,
  
  • Broder, A., et al., 2000, "Graph Structure in the web", paper presented at the the Ninth Internation World-Wide Web Conference, 15-19th May 2000, Amsterdam.
    
    
• Odlyzko A., (1999), "The Current State and Likely Evolution of the Intenet". Proceedings of Globecom'99, IEEE, pp. 1869-1875.
  
  
• International Bandwidth 2000, a report by TeleGeography. Provide most comprehensive guide to global bandwidth supply and demand. April 2000.
  
  
• Buyukkokten O., Cho J., Garcia-Molina. H. & Gravano, L., 2000, "Exploiting geographical location information of web pages", Proceedings of Workshop on Web Databases (WebDB'99), June 1999.
  
  
• Dodge, M. & Kitchin, R., 2000, "Exposing the 'Second Text' of Maps of the Net", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communcation, June 2000, Vol. 5, No. 4.
  
  
• Dodge, M & Kitchin, R., 2000, Mapping Cyberspace, Routledge: London.
  
  
• Janelle, D. & Hodge D. (Eds.), 2000, Information, Place and Cyberspace: Issues in Accessibility, Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
  
  
• Malamud C. & Rose M.T., 2000, "Maps, Space, and Other Metaphors for Metadata", Mappa.Mundi Magazine, 1st April 2000.
  
  
• INET'00: Internet Global Summit: Global Distributed Intelligence for Everyone, 18-21th July 2000, Yokohama, Japan.
  
  
• The Ninth Internation World-Wide Web Conference, 15-19th May 2000, Amsterdam, Holland.
  
  
• Course title: "Geography of Cyberspace", spring 2000; Lecturer: Susan Pomeroy; Institution: Department of Geography, University of California, Berkeley.

08/05/00:

• Telegeography's Internet Exchange Point directory. Comprehensive listing of over 2000 exchange points, broken down by region.
  
  
• A geographical list of web traceroute servers for countries and US states maintained by Rafael Stekolshchik.
  
  
• America's 50 Most Wired Cities and Towns, a report in Yahoo! Internet Life magazine, March 2000. (Also, see their previous reports from 1999 and 1998.)
  
  
• Internet Growth Trends, by Larry Roberts, IEEE Computer - Internet Watch, January 2000.
  
  
• Information Technology Outlook 2000, a report from OCED. Provides comprehensive and up to date statstics and analysis of ICTs, e-commerce and the Information Economy. March 2000.
  
  
• Hubs and Spokes: An TeleGeography Internet Reader, provides a valuable guide to the geography of global Internet infrastructure. April 2000.
  
  
• Top 20 local markets in the USA in terms of Internet penetration and usage. Based on research by Nielsen//Netrating, 12th April 2000.
  
  
• Internet Trends Report, by Alexa Research, 4th quarter 1999. One interesting, but not too surprising, fact revealed by the report is that 80% of web traffic goes to just 0.5% of of all web sites. See also the Alexa 1000 which provides information on the top 1,000 most popular web sites, including details on their location.
  
  
• The Search Engine Showdown by Greg R. Notess, provides a user's guide to searching the Internet with useful statistical information on the size, overlap, unique hits, change over time, and dead links of the largest Web search engines.
  
  
• Burgoyne P. & Faber L., 1999, Reload: Browser 2.0 - The Internet Design Project, (Laurence King Publishing). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Ware C., 2000, Information Visualization: Perception for Design, (Morgan Kaufman Publishers). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]



• Cave D., 2000, "Do they know where you live?", Salon Magazine, 28th February 2000.
  
  
• Donert K., 2000, "Virtually Geography: Aspects of the Changing Geography of Information and Communications", Geography, Vol. 85, No. 1, pages 37-45.
  
  
• Moss M.L. & Townsend A.M., 2000, "The Internet Backbone and the American Metropolis", Information Society Journal, Vol. 16, No. 1, pages 35-47. (pre-publication version)
  
  
• Roger R., 2000, "Preferred Placement: Knowledge Politics on the Web" (Jan Van Eyck Akademie, ISBN 90-6617-243-6).
  
  
• Strom D., 2000, "What Becomes a Location Most?", Web Informant #190, 28th February 2000, Mappa.Mundi Magazine.

29/02/00:

• Munro A.J., Höök K. & Benyon D. (Eds.), 1999, Social Navigation of Information Space, (Springer: Berlin). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Infovis.org provides details on the IEEE Information Visualization Symposium series and a infovis mailing list.
  
  
• The December 1999 issue of Information Impacts (iMP) Magazine has a series of articles examining issues of "Access: Where, Who, How, Why?".
  
  
• Internet Trends by Tony Rutkowski, Center for Next Generation Internet. Provides useful summary analysis of Internet host growth.
  
  
• Statistics on Networking in Latin Ameica, provided by TILAN (Trends in Latin American Networking), LANIC, University of Texas at Austin.
  
  
• Statistics on the global geography of Com/Org/Net/Edu domains names by Matthew Zook, University of California, Berkeley.
  
  
• Internet Surveys by D.J. Bernstein. Large scale surveys of host many hosts are visible on the Internet, and which Internet email server software is being used.
  
  
• The Web passes 1 billion publicly indexable pages in January 20000 acording to research by Inktomi and the NEC Research Institute. See the Inktomi WebMap and the press release for more details.
  
  
• Kirkwood H.P., 1999, "Internet Surveys, Statistics and Geography", ONLINE, September 1999.
  
  
• Johansson T.D., 2000, Visualization in Cyber-Geography - Reconsidering cartography's concept of visualization in current usercentric cybergeographic cosmologies, CASA Working Paper 17, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London, January 2000.
  
  
• Kolko J., 1999, "The Death of Cities? The Death of Distance? Evidence from the Geography of Commercial Internet Usage", forthcoming in Selected Papers from the Telecommuications Policy Research Conference 1999.
  
  
• Taylor C., 1999, "Inside the Geekosystem", TIME Digital, December 1999.
  
  
• Wheeler, J.O., Aoyama, Y., & Warf, B., (Eds.), 2000, Cities in the Telecommunications Age: The Fracturing of Geographies, (Routledge: New York). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• whatis.com, a very useful site providing clear and concise definitions of many technical Internet terms and acronyms.
  
  
• The Cyberpunk Information Database, a useful list of links about cyberspace and cyberpunk. Maintained by the Cyberpunk Project.

22/12/99:

• December's Map of the Month column in Mappa Mundi Magazine by Martin Dodge. discussed Internet World Map produced by MIDS.
  
  
• The TeleGeography 2000 report is now available. Packed with useful stats, maps and commentary.
  
  
• The NetGeo service offers an Internet Geographic Database. This provides a latitude and longitude for key Internet identifiers such as IP addresses, domain names and AS numbers. It is being developed by Caida.
  
  
• Three different projects mapping the "geography" of IP Space,
  The IP-cartography / IP-chronography project, described as a "metalinguistic code and interactive representation of Internet-space". Created Sergey de Rocambol, Anna Nikolayeva, Ilya Komarov (the author of program IP-cartographer).
  • The 1:1project by Lisa Jevbratt, C5. This provides several distinct interfaces/visualization of IP address space (hierarchical, every, petri and random).
  • IP Address Space Utilization, by Sean McCreary and kc claffy at Caida. Aims to give a visual answer to the key question, "How much of the Internet address space is used?"
  
  
  
• Latency measurement for the UUNET network.
  
  
• AT&T IP Network Status
  
  

• Chi E.H. & Card S.K., 1999, "Sensemaking of Evolving Web Sites using Visualization Spreadsheets. Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis '99), San Francisco.
  
  

22/11/99:

• Two recent Map of the Month column in Mappa Mundi Magazine by Martin Dodge.
  
  
  • November's column discussed Web Site Maps from Dynamic Diagrams.
    
    
  • October's column, Mapping MUDs, looked at topology maps of multi-user dimensions.
    
    
• Domain name data by Matthew Zook, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley. Also see his clickable maps of Internet Domain Names in New York and San Francisco and his various papers analysing the geography of domain names.
  
  
• The SCAN project by Ramesh Govindan and colleagues at the Information Sciences Institute, undertaking robust distribute mapping of large networks, including the Internet. See their paper for background details, "Heuristics for Internet Map Discovery", Technical Report 99-717, Computer Science Department, University of Southern California.
  
  
• A useful collection of old maps of computer networks, from the early 1990s collected by the Technical University of Berlin.
  
  
• The Internet History 1962-1992 Timeline, from The Computer Museum History Center, contains a nice collection old maps of the Net.
  
  
• Chen C., 1999, Information Visualisation and Virtual Environments, (Springer-Verlag: London). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• MIDS Internet Quality (MIQ) service which includes:
  • MIDS Ratings, provides statistics on latency, packet loss and reachability for major ISPs.
  • MIDS Internet Average, provides rolling average measurement of latency, packet loss and reachability for 24 hours, 7 days and 24 days.
    
    
• OECD Internet Access Price Comparison. A useful survey of the differences in cost of accessing the Internet in OCED countries as of the 15th October 1999.
  
  
• How wide is the web? Well, apparently 19 clicks according research by Reka Albert, Hawoong Jeong, and Albert-Laszlo Barabasi at department of Physics, University of Notre Dame, USA. See their paper, "Diameter of the World-Wide Web", Nature, Vol. 401, 9th September 1999, pages 107-109 [pdf format]. Also, see a nice article by Alan Boyle, MSNBC News reporting on this, "Measuring the Web's 'diameter' ".
  
  
• Web Characterization Project of the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC). Their aim being to "... describes the structure, size, usage, and content of the Web. It is also concerned with developing data collection methodologies and metrics for Web description".
  
  
• Claffy K.C., 1999, "Internet measurement and data analysis: topology, workload, performance and routing statistics", paper presented at the NAE'99 workshop.
  
  
• Malamud C., 1999, "A Shared Reality: Maps as Metaphor", Mappa.Mundi Magazine, 1st October 1999.
  
  
• Moss M.L. & Townsend A.M., 1999, "The Internet Backbone and the American Metropolis", unpublished paper of the InformationCity.org project, August 1999.
  
  

• O'Connell P.L., 1999, "Beyond Geography: Mapping Unknowns of Cyberspace", New York Times, 30th September 1999. [free registration required for access]
  
  

• Paltridge S., 1999, "Mining and Mapping Web Content", info, Vol. 1, No. 4, August 1999, pages 327-342.
  
  
• Whitehouse D., 1999, "Mapping the internet", BBC News Online, 3rd November 1999.
  
  
• Zook M.A., 1999, "The Web of Production: The Economic Geography of Commercial Internet Content Production in the United States", Environment and Planning A, forthcoming.
  
  
• Making the Invisible Visible: A Lesson in Mapping the Mysteries of Cyberspace, by Katherine Schulten and Lorin Driggs, from NY Times Daily Lesson Plans.
  
  

05/09/99:

• Two recent Map of the Month column in Mappa Mundi Magazine by Martin Dodge.
  
  
  • August's column discussed Internet Arcs Around The Globe, the work of Tamara Munzner mapping the MBone.
    
    
  • September's column, Mapping How The Data Flows, looked at geographic traceroutes.
    
    
• Caida are developing a new geographical traceroute application called GTrace.
  
  
• A lengthy discussion on the theme of Mapping the Internet at Slashdot from September 02, 1999.
  
  
• Interactive maps of African Internet connectivity and performance from August 1998 created by Nemo Semret, Columbia University.
  
  
• Jacobson R., 1999 Information Design, (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Petrazzini B. & Kibati M., 1999, "The Internet in Developing Countries", Communications of the ACM, June 1999, Vol. 42, No. 6, pages 31-36.
  
  
• The Human Development Report, 1999, by the UN Development Programme, has useful information and statistics on the global diffusion of the Internet. Chapter two of the report, New technologies and the global race for knowledge is particularly relevant.
  
  
• Hargittai E., 1999, "Weaving the Western Web: Explaining Differences in Internet Connectivity Among OECD Countries", Telecommunications Policy, forthcoming.
  
  
• The latest Internet Domain Survey, conducted by Network Wizards and sponsored by the Internet Software Consortium, in July 1999 showed an estimated 56.2 million hosts on the Internet. This is an increase of nearly thirteen million hosts from January 1999.
  
  
• Abbate J., 1999, Inventing the Internet, (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Harpold T. & Kavita P., 1999, "Of Bugs and Rats: Cyber-cleanliness, Cyber-squalor, and the Fantasies of Globalization", paper presented at Exploring Cybersociety Conference, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK, July 5-9, 1999.
  
  
• Jiang B. & Ormeling F.J., 1999, Mapping Cyberspace: Visualising, Analysing and Exploring Virtual Worlds, Working Paper 11, March 1999, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London.
  
  
• Wheeler D.C. & O'Kelly M.E., 1999, "Network Topology and City Accessibility of the Commercial Internet", The Professional Geographer, August 1999, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 327-339
  
  
• A couple of short articles from Boardwatch Magazine that reveal just how unimpressive and mundane the core Internet infrastructure really is.
  • "I Saw The Internet Today: A Visit to the London Internet Exchange", by Todd Judd Erickson, Boardwatch Magazine, May 1999.
  • "8100 Boone: A Banal Tower Of Babel: A Visit to MAE East", by Greg Tally, Boardwatch Magazine, July 1999.
  
  
  

05/09/99:

• Two recent Map of the Month column in Mappa Mundi Magazine by Martin Dodge.
  
  
  • August's column discussed Internet Arcs Around The Globe, the work of Tamara Munzner mapping the MBone.
    
    
  • September's column, Mapping How The Data Flows, looked at geographic traceroutes.
    
    
• Caida are developing a new geographical traceroute application called GTrace.
  
  
• A lengthy discussion on the theme of Mapping the Internet at Slashdot from September 02, 1999.
  
  
• Interactive maps of African Internet connectivity and performance from August 1998 created by Nemo Semret, Columbia University.
  
  
• Jacobson R., 1999 Information Design, (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Petrazzini B. & Kibati M., 1999, "The Internet in Developing Countries", Communications of the ACM, June 1999, Vol. 42, No. 6, pages 31-36.
  
  
• The Human Development Report, 1999, by the UN Development Programme, has useful information and statistics on the global diffusion of the Internet. Chapter two of the report, New technologies and the global race for knowledge is particularly relevant.
  
  
• Hargittai E., 1999, "Weaving the Western Web: Explaining Differences in Internet Connectivity Among OECD Countries", Telecommunications Policy, forthcoming.
  
  
• The latest Internet Domain Survey, conducted by Network Wizards and sponsored by the Internet Software Consortium, in July 1999 showed an estimated 56.2 million hosts on the Internet. This is an increase of nearly thirteen million hosts from January 1999.
  
  
• Abbate J., 1999, Inventing the Internet, (MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Harpold T. & Kavita P., 1999, "Of Bugs and Rats: Cyber-cleanliness, Cyber-squalor, and the Fantasies of Globalization", paper presented at Exploring Cybersociety Conference, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK, July 5-9, 1999.
  
  
• Jiang B. & Ormeling F.J., 1999, Mapping Cyberspace: Visualising, Analysing and Exploring Virtual Worlds, Working Paper 11, March 1999, Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London.
  
  
• Wheeler D.C. & O'Kelly M.E., 1999, "Network Topology and City Accessibility of the Commercial Internet", The Professional Geographer, August 1999, Vol. 51, No. 3, pp. 327-339
  
  
• A couple of short articles from Boardwatch Magazine that reveal just how unimpressive and mundane the core Internet infrastructure really is.
  • "I Saw The Internet Today: A Visit to the London Internet Exchange", by Todd Judd Erickson, Boardwatch Magazine, May 1999.
  • "8100 Boone: A Banal Tower Of Babel: A Visit to MAE East", by Greg Tally, Boardwatch Magazine, July 1999.
  
  
  

25/07/99:

• The Map of the Month column in Mappa Mundi Magazine by Martin Dodge. July's column discussed Tim Bray's Hyperlink Totems from 1995.
  
  
• NetCensus.org, a collaborative project designed to develop and deploy new techniques for the measurement of geographical aspects of activity and information flows on the Internet. we seek to develop a body of knowledge from which to design and implement a comprehensive survey (or Census) of the Internet.
  
  
• A nice geographical traceroute applications called Neotrace from NeoWorx.
  
  
• A new TeleGeography wall maps, Global Communications Traffic Map, May 1999.
  
  
• Peacock Maps, sell maps of Internet topology produced by Hal Burch, a PhD student at Carnegie Mellon University, and Bill Cheswick, a scientist at Bell Labs- Lucent Technologies; see their Mapping the Internet project for technical details. It is a venture by TeleGeography.
  
  
• Twelve ARPANET maps covering the period 1969 to 1997 from the ARPANET Completion Report,Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Burlington, MA, January 4, 1978.The map were scanned by Larry Press.
  
  
• Cockburn A. & Greenberg S., 1999, "Beyond the 'Back' Button: Issues of Page Representation and Organisation in Graphical Web Navigation Tools, Research Report 99-640-03, Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
  
  
• Internet Topology and Connectivity in the Americas, a report by Eric Arnum, Technical Conference for the Implementation of IABIN, 15-18th April 1999, Brasília. (Background information is here.)
  
  
• Lawrence S. & Giles C.L., 1999, "Accessibility of information on the web", Nature, Vol. 400, 8th July 1999.
  
  
• Falling Through the Net: Defining the Digital Divide, 8th July 8, 1999.
  
  
• Press L., Foster W.A., & Goodman S.E., 1999, "The Internet in India and China", paper presented at the INET'99 Conference, 22-25th June, San Jose, California.
  
  
• Press L., Foster W.A., & Goodman S.E., 1999, "Surveying the Global Diffusion of the Internet", paper presented at the INET'99 Conference, 22-25th June, San Jose, California.
  
  
• Uimonen P., 1999, "Connecting Laos: Notes from the Peripheries of Cyberspace", paper presented at the INET'99 Conference, 22-25th June, San Jose, California.
  
  
• The Informationcity.org project examining information technologies and the future of urban environments. A urban research initiative by New York University.
  
  
• Cai G., Hirtle S. & Williams J., 1999, "Mapping the Geography of Cyberspace Using Telecommunications Infrastructure Information", paper presented at TeleGeo'99 Fist International Workshop on Telegeoprocessing, 6-7th May 1999, Lyon-Villeurbanne, France
• Clever Project, 1999, "Hypersearching the Web", Scientific American, June 1999.
• Crang M., Crang P., & May J., 1999, Virtual Geographies : Bodies, Space and Relations, (Routledge: London). [Buy the book from Amazon.com and support Cyber-Geography Research]
  
  
• Cukier K.N., 1999, "Bandwidth Colonialism? The Implications of Internet Infrastructure on International E-Commerce", paper presented at the INET'99 Conference, 22-25th June 1999, San Jose, California.
  
  
• OECD, 1999, Building Infrastructure Capacity For Electronic Commerce - Leased Line Developments And Pricing , OECD, Paris.
  
  
• The Eighth International World-Wide Web Conference, 11-14th May 1999, Toronto, Canada.
  
  
• INET'99: Internet Global Summit, 22-25th June 1999, San Jose, California.
  
  
• Internet ISO 3166-Based Top Level Domain Survey by the ITU. Provides comprehensive information on who controls the country-code domains across the world.
  
  

02/06/99:

• "Mapping the Internet", an article by Hal Burch and Bill Cheswick on their research in Computer, April 1999.
  
  
• A new search engine service called iAtlas that has sophisticated geographic filters, along with ones for industry type and web site popularity.
  
  
• Geir Gundersen is mapping the structure of parts of the Internet, as seen from certain origin points using traceroute. The resulting structure of router connections is visualised using his NetBird interactive graph.
  
  
• Internet Cartographer, by Inventix Software, is a tool that maps web browsing.
  
  
• Information visualisation research by the User Interface Research Group at Xerox PARC.
  
  
• Metaphors and the Net, examines the power of metaphors in constructing and navigating Cyberspace, using a seven-fold typology - physical world, conceptual space, social life, multi-player games, 3D, traditional media and brands & advertising. It was developed by Edventure Holdings.
  
  
• Africa Information Infrastructure Status, a report by Mike Jensen from April 1999.
  
  
• Internet Counts: Measuring the Impacts of the Internet, by Office of International Affairs, National Research Council, Washington DC, 1998.
  
  
• Daly J.A., 1999, "Measuring Impacts of the Internet in the Developing World", IMP Magazine, May 1999.
  
  
• Domains on Disc provides information on .com, .org, .net and .edu domains. Online information on domains for US states, cities and zipcodes, as well as countries.
  
  
• Donert K., 1999, "Virtually Geography", presentation at the Geographical Association, April 1999.
  
  
• Imielinski T. & Navas J.C. 1999, "GPS-Based Geographic Addressing, Routing, and Resource Discovery", Communications of the ACM, April 1999, Vol. 42, No. 4, pages 86-92.
  
  
• International Telecommunication Union 1998, "Challenges to the Network: Internet for Development, 1999", December 1998.
  
  

• A new wall map from TeleGeography, Global Communications Cable and Satellite Map, April 1999.
  
  
• /rfcland 1.0, provides a visual tool for searching and browsing Internet Request for Comment (RFC) documents. It is being developed by Invisible Worlds.
  
  
• America's Most Wired Cities and Towns, a report in Yahoo! Internet Life magazine, 1st March 1999. (Also, see their 1998 version.)
  
  
• OECD Communications Outlook 1999, provides a valuable compendium of statistics on public communication infrastructure and services in the OECD countries.
  
  
• Card S.K., MacKinlay J. & Shneiderman B., 1999, Readings in Information Visualization: Using Vision to Think, (Morgan Kaufman Publishers).
  
  
• Anders P., 1996, "Envisioning Cyberspace: The Design of Online Communities", Fifth International Conference on Cyberspace, 6-9th June 1996, Spain.
  
  

  Johnson S., 1999, "Maps & Legends", FEED Magazine, 18th March 1999.

05/03/99:

• Holderness M., 1997, "The Internet: enabling whom, when and where?", paper presented at a United Nations University INTECH seminar in Maastricht.
  
  
• Internet Weather Resources. A useful annotated summary list of measurement tools and resources maintained by Nancy Bachman, Caida.org.
  
  
• The Web Characterization project of W3C. The main aim being to "... provide information for the Web community how the Web is currently being used and anticipated use in the near future."
  
  
• Anders P., 1998, Envisioning Cyberspace: Designing 3D Electronic Space, (New York:McGraw Hill).
  
  
• Brunn S.D., 1998, "The Internet as 'the new world' of and for geography: speed, structures, volumes, humility and civility", GeoJournal, vol. 45, No. 1-2, pages 5-15.
  
  
• Carazo-Chandler C., 1998, Cyberspace - Another Geography. Territories, Boundaries and Space., unpublished Masters thesis, University of Canterbury, New Zealand.
  
  
• Harpold T., 1999, "Dark Continents: A Critique of Internet Metageographies", Postmodern Culture, January 1999, Vol. 9, No. 2.

15/01/99:

• The excellent Web version VisualRoute AutoWeb Server.
  
  
• The Internet Mapping Project, by Bill Cheswick (Bell Labs) and Hal Burch (Carnegie Mellon University). One of their maps was featured in Wired Magazine (December 1998, page 216-217).
  
  
• Mapping Cyberspace with GIS, by Paul Terpstra, Office of Mines and Minerals of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources, paper at the 1998 ESRI User Conference.
  
  
• The Global Web Explorer, a comprehensive listing of Web sites for all countries and territories around the world, including many remote places. Maintained by Robert S. Duggan and Steven H. Gibbs.
  
  
• The Technology Atlas for Pennsylvania, interactive maps of digital infrastructure in considerable detail, including fibre-optic networks and microwave towers. Developed and maintained by the Technology Assessment and Documentation Group, at the University of Pittsburgh.
  
  
• The Wired World Atlas, by Leila Conners Petersen, Wired, Vol. 6.11, November 1998. The article "Envision the globe according to the density of traditional media - TVs and telephones - and you get a brand-new map." (Unfortunately, the actual cartogram map is not online.)
  
  
• Asia Web Watch: a register of statistical data, edited by Dr T.Matthew Ciolek, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
  
  
• Ciolek T.M., 1998, "Exploring the Digital Annapurna: On the Monitoring and Mapping of Asian Cyberspace", paper presented at the International Convention of Asia Scholars (ICAS), Noordwijkerhout, Leiden, The Netherlands, 25-28 June 1998.
  
  
• Claffy K., Monk T.E. & McRobb D., 1999, "Internet tomography", Nature, 7th January 1999.
  
  
• Gorman S., 1998, "The Death of Distance but not the End of Geography: The Internet as a Network", paper presented at the Regional Science Association Meeting, 29th October 1998, Santa Fe.
  
  
• Hillis K., 1998, "On the margins: the invisibility of communications in geography", Progress in Human Geography, Vol. 22, No. 4, pages 543-566.
  
  
• Murnion S. & Healey R.G., 1998, "Modeling Distance Decay Effects in Web Server Information Flows", Geographical Analysis, vol. 30, No. 4, pages 285-303.
  
  
• Smith M. & Kollock P., 1998, Communities in Cyberspace, (Routledge).
  
  
• Jakob Nielsen's useit.com contains valuable information on the creating and maintaining usable web sites and online resources.
  
  
• Course title : "Cyberspace: The Geography and Planning of Virtual Worlds", Lecturer: Michael Batty, Institution : Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, University College London.
  
  

04/12/98:

• Clickable maps of Internet Domain Names in New York and San Francisco (August 1998), produced by Matthew Zook, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California, Berkeley. Also, see his paper "The Web of Consumption: The Spatial Organization of the Internet Industry in the United States".
  
  
• Coffman K.G. & Odlyzko A., 1998, "The Size and Growth Rate of the Internet", First Monday, 5th October 1998, Vol. 3, No. 10.
  
  
• Paltridge S., 1998, "Internet Infrastructure Indicators", report by the Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop (OECD).
  
  
• Hargittai E., 1998, "Holes in the Net: The Internet and International Stratification", INET'98: The Internet Summit, 21-24th July 1998, Geneva, Switzerland.
  
  
• Kitchin R. 1998, "Towards geographies of cyberspace", Progress in Human Geography, September 1998, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 385-406.
  
  
• Levy S., 1998, "The Hot Tech Cities", Newsweek, November 9th 1998, pages 66ff.
  
  
• Nadeau J., et al., 1998, "Information Highways and the Francophone World: Current Situation and Strategies for the Future", INET'98: The Internet Summit, 21-24th July 1998, Geneva, Switzerland.
  
  
• Varenius, 1998, papers from the Varenius project meeting on "Measuring and Representing Accessibility in the Information Age", organised by David Hodge and Don Janelle, 20-22nd November 1998, Pacific Grove, USA.
  
  
• Wexelblat A. & Maes P., 1998, "Footprints: Visualizing Histories for Web Browsing", MIT Media Lab.
  
  
• Zook M.A., 1998, "The Web of Consumption: The Spatial Organization of the Internet Industry in the United States", paper at the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning 1998 Conference, Pasadena, CA, November 5-8, 1998.
  
  

22/10/98 :

• A couple of useful Web sites that allow you to runs traceroutes from different locations on the global Internet. Traceroute.org, lists Web traceroute servers by country; it is maintained by Thomas Kernen. Also, try the Multiple Traceroute Gateway which allows you to run several traces in one go.
  
  
• A nice series of ARPANET maps from the Web site for the book "Where Wizards Stay Up Late" by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon.
  
  
• Arnum E. & Conti S., 1998, "Internet Deployment Worldwide: The New Superhighway Follows the Old Wires, Rails and Roads", INET'98: The Internet Summit, 21-24th July 1998, Geneva, Switzerland.
  
  
• Dumett S., 1998, "Evolution of a Wired World: The Growth of an Undersea, Intercontinental Network", PreText Magazine, March 1998.
  
  
• INET'98: The Internet Summit, 21-24th July 1998, Geneva, Switzerland.
  
  
• ISMA'98: Engineering Data and Analysis, 31 August-1st September 1998, San Diego, USA.
  
  
• Lloyd's satellite constellations, useful and comprehensive Web resource on the new and planned satellite systems such as Iridium and Teledesic. Maintained by Lloyd Wood, Centre for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, UK.
  
  

07/09/98 :

• Information Architecture - shaping knowledge into form - research project by William Neviett and Mark A. Foltz in the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at MIT.
  
  
• "Digital Divide" in the USA. Reports on the penetration of information infrastructure (telephones, computers and modems) in the USA by the National Telecommunications & Information Administration (NTIA). Falling Through the Net: A Survey of the "Have Nots" in Rural and Urban America, from July 1995 and Falling Through the Net II: New Data on the Digital Divide from July 1998.
  
  
• Latest Internet Domain Survey, by Network Wizards reported 36.7 million hosts world-wide in July 1998.
  
  
• Measuring the Most Popular Web Sites
  • RelevantKnowledge.
  • Media Metrix.
  • 100Hot, from Web21.
  • NetRatings, Inc.
  
  
  
• Andrews K., 1996, "Browsing, Building, and Beholding Cyberspace: New Approaches to the Navigation, Construction, and Visualisation of Hypermedia on the Internet", unpublished doctoral thesis, September 1996, Institute for Information Processing and Computer Support New Media, Graz University of Technology, Austria. (pdf format files)
  
  
• Clemente P., 1998, The State of the Net: The New Frontier, (McGraw-Hill: New York).
  
  

  Holmquist L.E., Fagrell H., & Busso R. 1998, "Navigating Cyberspace with CyberGeo Maps" from the Proceedings of IRIS 21, Sæby, Denmark, 1998. (pdf format)
  
  

• Juliussen E. & Juliussen-Petska K. 1998, Internet Industry Almanac, (Computer Industry Almanac Inc.).
  
  
• Tanney S., 1997, "Evidence of Place in Electronic Space", December 1997, Human Interface Technology (HIT) Lab, University of Washington.
  
  

30/07/98 :

• Finding a host's geographical location by Uri Raz. A useful technical note on methods of determining an Internet host's geographical location.
  
  
• InfoViz : Visualization of Dataspaces, project lead by Dr Rolf Daßler, University of Applied Sciences in Potsdam. Interesting information visualisation project, plus a comprehensive repository on many other projects and tools.
  
  
• Durand D. & Kahn P., 1998, "MAPA: a system for inducing and visualizing hierarchy in websites", from the Ninth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia (HT'98), June, 1998, Pittsburgh, USA.
  
  
• networkMCI's Internet Traffic Report.
  
  
• Search Engine Sizes, by by Danny Sullivan at Search Engine Watch.
  
  
• Measuring Search Engine Coverage and Overlap, by Krishna Bharat & Andrei Broder, at Digital Systems Research Center.
  
  
• Measuring the Size of the Internet Databases, an article by Greg R. Notess, Database, Vol. 20, No 5, pages 69-72, Oct-Nov 1997.
  
  
• How big is the Web?, How much of the Web do the search engines index? How up to date are the search engines? by Steve Lawrence and C. Lee Giles, NEC Research Institute.
  
  
• ALLwhois.com - check the world!. A comprehensive listing of whois servers around the world.
  
  

02/07/98 :

• A new sub-section on "Real-Time Internet Monitoring" :
  
  
• Internet Weather Report by Jon S. Stevens, Clear Ink.
  
  
• Internet Traffic Reports by Andover.Net.
  
  
• Netstat Net - The Internet Status Operation.
  
  
• State of the Internet.
  
  
• MIDS Internet Weather Report (IWR).
  
  
• A couple of interesting articles in wired News on the usefulness of these real-time Internet monitors - "Net Forecast: Cloudy, but Clearing" and "Are Net Weather Reports A Snow Job?".
  
  
• Net.Medic utility from VitalSigns.
  
  
• Adams P. & Warf B. Cyberspace Special Issue, Geographical Review, April 1997, Vol. 87, No. 2. (Abstracts online only)
  
  
• Burkhart G.E. & Goodman S.E., (1998), "The Internet Gains Acceptance in the Persian Gulf", Communications of the ACM, March 1998, Vol. 41, No. 3, pages 19-25.
  
  
• New section on "Mailing Lists".
  
  
• The TELECOM-CITIES mailing list, run by Anthony Townsend in the Taub Urban Research Center, New York University.
  
  
• The NUA Internet Surveys Email.
  
  
• The "Siliconia" listing of places claiming to be "Silicon ..something..", by Keith Dawson at the Tasty Bits from he Technology Front (TBTF). Currently, they've collected 51 Siliconia associated with 72 different geographical locations worldwide, the most popular Silicon Prairie.
  
  

03/06/98:

• Mapping Cyberspace, a research project by Dawn Leeder, University of Plymouth, UK.
  
  
• WebHopper, real-time Internet traffic mapping experiment by sensorium.
  
  
• AlphaWorld Mapper, an excellent mapping system of Alphaworld (a massive Internet virtual world run by Active Worlds) produced by Greg Roelofs and Pieter van der Meulen of the Advanced Technology Group at the Philips Multimedia Center (PMC) in Palo Alto, California.
  
  
• Cibergeografia, research on the geography of Cyberspace (in Spanish) at the Departamento de Geografia, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain.
  
  
• Palantir: A Visualization Tool for the World Wide Web, by Nektarios Papadakakis, Evangelos P. Markatos and Athanasios E. Papathanasiou at the Institute of Computer Science (ICS) , Foundation for Research & Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Crete.
  
  
• Alstyne M.V. & Brynjolfsson, E., "Electronic Communities: Global Village or Cyberbalkanization?", MIT Sloan School of Management working paper, 1996. (pdf format report)
  
  
• Bruckman A., 1996, "Finding one's own space in cyberspace" , Technology Review, January 1996.
  
  
• Garton L., Haythornwaite C., & Wellman B., 1997, "Studying Online Social Networks", Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 1997.
  
  
• Kling R. & Lamb R., 1996, "Bits of Cities: Utopian Visions and Social Power in Placed-Based and Electronic Communities", Working Draft, September 1996, Center for Social Informatics, Indiana University.
  
  
• Larson R.R., 1996, "Bibliometrics of the World Wide Web: An Exploratory Analysis of the Intellectual Structure of Cyberspace", American Society for Information Science1996 Annual Meeting Conference, 19-24th October 1996.
  
  
• American Society for Information Science.
  
  
• The Emerging Digital Economy, US Department of Commerce report, May 1998.
  
  
• Information for Internet Service Providers by Randy Benn, including useful pointers to information on Internet infrastructure and maps.
  
  

05/05/98 :

• Internet Ecologies research, analysing the structure and use of the Internet. Led by Bernardo A. Huberman and based at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center.
  
  
• Perspecta, an information architecture company, started by MIT Media Lab graduates. Their visualisation application, called PerspectaView allows fly-through exploration of data stored in the SmartContent format. You can try Perspecta's information navigation technologies at the meta-news site AllTheNews.
  
  
• Thinkmap, information visualisation technology from Plumb Design. This technology is being used in the Smithsonian's "Revealing Things" web exhibition.
  
  
• CyberAtlas project by the Guggenheim Museum's web site, with the aim "...to commission and collect a series of maps of cyberspace, with a particular focus on sites related to visual art and culture."
  
  
• IOD4 Web Stalker, an experimental web browser which includes an interesting mapping function.
  
  
• Headcount - Who's Online and Where, provides Internet / Web usage estimates by country, language and region based on current reports from market research surveys.
  
  
• Chalmers M., 1998, "The Order of Things: Activity-Centred Information Access", paper presented at The Seventh International World-Wide Web Conference, 14-18th April 1998, Brisbane, Australia.
  
  
• Greenstein S., 1998, "Universal Service in the Digital Age: The Commercialization and Geography of US Internet Access", January 21st 1998, Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University, USA. (PDF format)
  
  
• Moss M.L. & Townsend A.M., 1998, "How Telecommunications is Transforming Urban Spaces", Taub Urban Research Center, New York University, March 1998.
  
  
• Moss M.L. & Townsend A.M., 1998, "Spatial Analysis of the Internet in U.S. Cities and States", Taub Urban Research Center, New York University, April 1998.
  
  
• Stefik M., 1996, "Internet Dreams: Archetypes, Myths, and Metaphors", The MIT Press : Cambridge, Mass, ISBN 0-262-69202-3.
  
  
• Thrift N., 1996, "New Urban Eras and Old Technological Fears: Reconfiguring the Goodwill of Electronic Things", Urban Studies, Vol. 33, No. 8, pages 1463-1493.
  
  
• Warf B., 1998, "Reach Out and Touch Someone: AT&T's Global Operations in the 1990s", Professional Geographer, Vol. 50, No. 2, pages 255-267.
  
  

15/04/98 :

• Analysing the Geography of Internet Address Space, research by Martin Dodge and Narushige Shiode in the geography of ownership of blocks of Internet (IP) addresses in the United Kingdom.
  
  
• HistoryTree from SmartBrowser, a neat Web browser add-on that dynamically draws a graph of the sites you visit.
  
  
• Ptolomaeus - the Web cartographer, a nice tool for graphing the hierarchical structure of Web sites being developed by Fabio Vernacotola and colleagues in the Department of Informatica ed Automazione at the University of Roma Tre, Italy.
  
  
• The Global Diffusion of the Internet Project: An Initial Inductive Study, a report by the MOSAIC Group, which "...proposes a framework for analysis of the diffusion and absorption of the Internet world-wide and applies that framework to an initial set of 13 diverse countries."
  
  
• Global domain registration statistics by NetNames Ltd.
  
  
• Pitkow J.E., 1998, "Summary of WWW Characterizations", paper presented at The Seventh International World-Wide Web Conference, 14-18th April 1998, Brisbane, Australia.
  
  
• Adams P., 1998, "Network Topologies and Virtual Place", Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Vol. 88, No. 1, pages 88-106.
  
  
• Alderman D.H., 1998, "Finding the Heart of Dixie in Cyberspace: The Internet as a New Laboratory for Cultural Geography", paper presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, 25-29th March 1998, Boston, USA.
  
  
• Coyle D., 1997, "The Weightless World: Strategies for Managing the Digital Economy", Capstone : Oxford, United Kingdom, ISBN 0-900961-11-3.
  
  
• Dodge M. & Shiode N., 1998, "Where on Earth is the Internet? An Empirical Investigation of the Spatial Patterns of Internet "Real-Estate" in Relation to Geo-Space in the United Kingdom", paper presented at the Telecommunications and the City conference, 21-23rd March 1998, Athens, Georgia, USA.
  
  
• Dodge M., 1998, "The Geographies of Cyberspace", paper presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers, 25-29th March 1998, Boston, USA.
  
  
• The Seventh International World-Wide Web Conference, 14-18th April 1998, Brisbane, Australia.
  
  
• Search Engine Watch, by Danny Sullivan. Comprehensive information on all aspects of Web search engines.
  
  

05/03/98 :

• VisualRoute a neat traceroute utility, that will map the resulting traces for the US.
  
  
• tracemap from MIDS & Alexa. Allows your to run traceroute interactively from their web site. Resulting traceroutes are presented as detailed geographical maps, tables and graphs.
  
  
• Maproute "is a tool currently under development by the Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis (CAIDA), designed to allow users to visualize the paths messages take when they travel from one machine to another over the global Internet." Also, if you really want to, you can trace from the CASA (the research centre where I work) web server www.casa.ucl.ac.uk.
  
  
• Visual Insights, interactive data visualization software to help business managers quickly uncover and analyze trends and patterns in their corporate data.
  
  
• Inxight Software, producing advanced information visualisation technologies.
  
  
• ThemeMedia, innovative company developing interactive knowledge visualization and analysis applications.
  
  
• Umap, an interesting information mapping tool from French company Trivium. Turns results from web search engines into two dimensional information maps which you can interactively explore.
  
  
• Network Wizard's latest survey in January 1998 showed an estimated 29.7 million hosts on the Internet.
  
  
• NetSizer - Internet Growth Forecasting Tool. Developed by Christian Huitema and Sam Weerahandi of Bellcore.
  
  
• Greenman B., 1998, "America's 100 Most Wired Cities & Towns", Yahoo! Internet Life magazine, March 1998.
  
  
• Jiang B. & Ormeling F.J., 1997, "Cybermap : the Map for Cyberspace", The Cartographic Journal, December 1997, Vol. 34, No. 2, pages 111-116.
  
  
• Ubois J., 1998, "Casting an Information Net", UPSIDE.COM, 2nd February 1998.
  
  

04/02/98 :

• Usenet topology graphs produced by Naveen Jamal, Reference.com, Sift Inc. Excellent graphs of Usenet topology at both a global and national scale.
  
  
• OLIVE - On-line Library of Information Visualization Environments, edited by Michael Reed and Dan Heller, University of Maryland College Park, USA.
  
  
• Internet Connectivity in Africa, a report by Mike Jensen, January 1998. Also available, tables of African Internet Density and Internet Users by country.
  
  
• The Boardwatch / Keynote Systems's Internet Backbone Measurement. More details can be found on the Keynote Systems web site and in the Boardwatch ISP Directory. (See also an article by Jack Rickard - "The Internet by City" in Boardwatch Magazine.)
  
  
• Ciolek T.M., 1997, "The Size, Content and Geography of Asian Cyberspace : An Initial Measurement", The Journal of East Asian Libraries.
  
  
• Huberman B.A. & Lukose R.M. 1997, "Social Dilemmas and Internet Congestion", Science, Vol. 277, 25th July 1997, pages 535-537.
  
  
• Kahin B. & Keller J.H. 1997, Coordinating the Internet, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., USA.
  
  
• Kitchin R. 1998, Cyberspace : The World in the Wires, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England.
  
  
• Miller E.J. 1996, "Visualizing Spatial Relationships Between Internet Objects", Annual Review of OCLC Research.
  
  
• Moss M.L. & Townsend A. 1997, "Tracking the Net : Using Domain Names to Measure the Growth of the Internet in U.S. Cities", Journal of Urban Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pages 47-60.
  
  
• Smith M.A. 1997, "Measuring and Mapping the Social Structure of Usenet", 17th Annual International Sunbelt Social Network Conference, 13-16 February 1997, San Diego, USA.
  
  
• Thoen B. 1997, "Gain a Sense of Place in Cyberspace", GIS World, December 1997, pages 32-33.
  
  
• Wurman R.S., 1997, Information Architects, Graphis Press Corp.
  
  
• American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN).
  
  
• The Generic Top Level Domain Memorandum of Understanding (gTLD-MOU), "..is the international governance framework in which policies for the administration and enhancement of the Internet's global Domain Name System(DNS) are developed and deployed."
  
  

22/12/97 :

• Modeling Topology of Large Internetworks, a research project in College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.
  
  
• 6Bone Maps, a range of diagrams and maps tracking the global development of the 6Bone, by the IPv6 Resource Centre at the Computing Department, Lancaster University, UK.
  
  
• Mapuccino is a Web site mapping application developed by IBM's Haifa Research Lab. The Mapuccino Java application produces dynamic maps of Web sites in a variety of graphic styles. Formerly called WebCutter, more details can be found in the research paper - Maarek Y.S. & Shaul I.Z.B. 1997, "WebCutter: A System for Dynamic and Tailorable Site Mapping".
  
  
• Internet statistics for Latin America and the Caribbean region ("Nodos y Servidores WWW de America Latina y el Caribe") by the Universidad de Costa Rica.
  
  
• Cairncross F. 1997, The Death of Distance: How the Communications Revolution Will Change Our Lives, Harvard Business School Press.
  
  
• Donath J.S. 1995, "Visual Who : Animating the Affinities and Activities of an Electronic Community", ACM Multimedia '95 conference, November 5-9th 1995, San Francisco, California.
  
  
• Montgomery J., 1997, "Fiber in the Sky : The Orbiting Internet", BYTE Magazine, pages 58-72, November 1997.
  
  
• Press L. 1997, "Tracking the Global Diffusion of the Internet", Communications of the ACM, Vol. 40, No. 11, pages 11-17, November 1997.
  
  
• Stern P. & Kelly T. 1997, "Distance is Dead : Long Live Geography!", IIS'97, Toronto. (Note, in pdf format)
  
  
• NLANR's Internet Statistics and Metrics Analysis (ISMA) conference series
  • ISMA'96, 19-20th February 1996, San Diego, USA.
  • ISMA'97, 1-2nd May 1997, San Diego, USA.
  
  
• Hypertext'97, proceedings of the Eighth ACM Conference on Hypertext, 6-11th April, 1997, Southampton, UK.
  
  
• A new section created - "Some of the Key "Cyber-Explorers"
  
  
• LANIC - Network & Information Services in Latin America, by the University of Texas at Austin, USA.
  
  
• Asia-Pacific Networking Group (APNG).
  
  

27/11/97 :

• Dynamic Diagrams Inc. are a leading company in designing web site maps and navigation tools. They have a nice Java-based product called MAPA, which produces interactive web site maps.
  
  
• CLEARweb, another web site mapping application.
  
  
• Astra SiteManger, yet another web site mapping and management tool.
  
  
• Yahoo!3D is a three dimension cybermap of part of Yahoo's hierarchical Web directory. A series of 3D VRML worlds representing parts of the Yahoo directory have been created, which you can walk or fly through to access relevant Web sites.
  
  
• Maps of information spaces produced by Hsinchun Chen, University of Arizona, USA, including "ET-Map", an information map of the space occupied by the URLs of over 100,000 entertainment related web pages.
  
  
• Sitemap maps part of the web space. It was developed by Xia Lin, University of Kentucky, USA.
  
  
• Internetology, a series of maps charting the worldwide spread of the Internet since November 1993, developed by Olivier Crepin-Leblond, Imperial College, UK.
  
  
• Connectivity Data for Africa's Info Infrastructure, comprehensive and up to date information maintained by Mike Jensen. It includes a nice clickable map of the countries in African.
  
  
• Freedom to Connect, WIRED (August 1997, pages 106-107), by Leila Conners. A global map showing the level of freedom to connect to the Internet at a national level.
  
  
• Nua's How Many Online?. A listing of the best estimates of the number of people online by region and country. Compiled by Nua Internet Surveys, Ireland.
  
  
• Fagrell H. & Sorensen C. 1997, "It's Life Jim, But Not As We Know It!", IRIS 20 Conference.
  
  
• International Telecommunication Union 1997, "Challenges to the Network : Telecommunications and the Internet", September 1997.
  
  
• Listing of Network Information Centers (NICs) around the world at Yahoo! For example the UK Network Information Centre.

29/10/97 :

• A Map of the MBone in August 1996, produced by Elan Amir, Computer Science Division, University of California at Berkeley, USA.
  
  
• WebPlot 1.1, an application that maps the location of "hits" on a Web server (from the access log file) onto a global map base.
  
  
• Mapnet, an excellent tool for mapping the infrastructure of multiple Internet backbone providers on a geographical base at global and continental scale. It is an interactive, Java-based, tool developed by CAIDA - Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis. Detailed infrastructure information for over thirty commercial and research & education networks can be mapped. The Java source code and map data are also available.
  
  
• The research of Stephen G. Eick and colleagues at Bell Laboratories into the visualisation and analysis of Internet traffic flows. Examples can be viewed on his Network Visualization Gallery. Also, several of his papers on network visualisation are listed in the "Some Other References" section below.
  
  
• ARPANET Psiber SPACE (circa 1986), a pseudo-scientific visualisation of the ARPANET by Ron Hopkins.
  
  
• Internet Network Maps, a nice collection of Internet backbone maps for the USA, put together by Russell Kroll.
  
  
• Telecommunications Map of the World-1997 Edition, by TeleGeography, Inc./Petroleum Economist.
  
  
• Topological Map of Southern African Internet Access Providers, an excellent map produced by Gregory Massel.
  
  
• Internet Growth - Host Count Turning Point in June 1997, by Mario Hilgemeier.
  
  
• Global Internet Statistics by Language, produced by Euro-Marketing Associates (EMA). Estimates of people with access to the Internet by native spoken language.
  
  
• Gareiss R., 1997, "Is the Internet in Trouble?", from Data Communications on the web, 21st September 1997.
  
  
• Cox K.C., Eick S.G. & He T. 1996, "3D Geographic Network Displays", ACM Sigmod Record, Vol. 24, No. 4, pages 50-54, December 1996. (Note, this a zipped postscript file.)
  
  
• Longan M.W. 1997, "Geography, Community and Cyberspace", 1997 Annual Meeting of the Association of American Geographers.
  
  
• Sorenssen B. 1996, "Let your finger do the walking : The space / place metaphor in on-line computer communications", IAMCR / CTP Conference, 18-22 August 1996, Sydney, Australia.
  
  
• World Internetworking Alliance (WIA) is a coalition of parties working together to help effect a truly international, independent, autonomous Internet institutional environment.
  
  
• Internet Domain Names : Whose Domain Is This?, by Robert Shaw. An informative article on the policy issues surrounding the administration of Domain Names.
  
  
• Telecom Information Resources on the Internet, a very comprehensive directory of resources maintained by Jeff MacKie-Mason and Juan Riveros, University of Michigan, USA.
  
  

22/09/97 :

• Domain name registries around the world, a comprehensive list of nearly one hundred registries compiled by Thomas Ohrbom.
• TEN-34 Weather Map, a geographical map showing averaged line loads on the TEN-34 backbone network links. TEN-34 is a new pan-European high speed backbone linking national research networks, replacing EuropaNET. More details on TEN-34 are available at DANTE.
• Internet Backbone Maps, maps from Boardwatch.
• Reorganisation of the "Visualising WWW Space" section, including a change of title to "Visualising Information Spaces".
• "Now You See It", "By letting us fly through mountains and galaxies of information, visualization could help make the Web a more useful resource", ComputerLetter, Vol. 13, No. 10, March 1997.
• CAIDA - Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis, doing a lot of interesting and important research on the Internet. In particular, check out their comprehensive "CAIDA Measurement Tool Taxonomy".
• Claffy K. & Monk T. 1997, "Internet Data Acquisition and Analysis: Status and Next Steps", INET'97 Conference, 24-27th June 1997, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
• Internet Statistics : Growth and Usage of the Web and the Internet, by Matthew Gray, MIT, USA.
• Barlow J.P. 199?, "Is There a There in Cyberspace?".
• Batty M. 1997, "Virtual Geography", Futures, Vol. 29, No. 4/5, pages 337-352.
• Bush V. 1945, "As We May Think", The Atlantic Monthly, July 1945. (HTML version by Denys Duchier, University of Ottawa.)
• Curry M. 1996, "Cyberspace and Cyberplaces : Rethinking the Identity of Individual and Place", IAMCR / CTP Conference, 18-22 August 1996, Sydney, Australia.
• Moss M.L. & Townsend A. 1997, "Manhattan Leads the 'Net' Nation : New York City and Information Cities Hold Lead in Internet Domain Registration", Taub Urban Research Center, New York University.
• African Network Information Center.
• National Laboratory for Applied Network Research (NLANR).
• A new section has been added - "Some Relevant Courses", containing :
  • Course title : "Geography of the Information Economy and the Role of the Internet", Undergraduate Workshop in Economic & Business Geography, Lecturer : Günter Krumme, Institution : Department of Geography, University of Washington.
  • Course title : "Interpreting Cyberspace : Explorations in Virtual Geography", Lecturer : Susan Garfinkel, Institution : Department of English, University of Pennsylvania.
  • Course title : "Geography of and on the Internet", Lecturer : David J. Robinson, Institution : Department of Geography, Syracuse University.

27/08/97 :

• A map of near real-time Internet connectivity and performance across the Singapore Telecom Internet Exchange (STIX) to major connection points around the world. The lines on the connectivity map show the nominal bandwidth, average round-trip time and degree of data packet loss. The map is updated approximately every ten minutes.
• PerspectaView, a new information visualisation application from Perspecta. Stems from research in the MIT Media Lab.
• WebNet'96 Conference, 15-19th October 1996, San Francisco, USA.
• Three Dimensional Information Visualisation. A comprehensive review of information visualisation techniques written by Peter Young, Visualisation Research Group, University of Durham, UK.